Begreper i atferdspsykologien

Frode Svartdal

Her finner du en rekke begreper innenfor lærings- og atferdspsykologi. Noen av begrepene er definert; flere definisjoner/diskusjoner legges ut etter hvert.
Kommentarer (eller ønsker) er velkomne. Definisjoner og diskusjon av begrepene finnes i boken Begreper i læringspsykologi (Sigma, 1994).


ABAB-design ->Control designs
ABC ->Contingency of reinforcement
Abulia
Accidental reinforcement | vilkårlig forsterkning
Acquisition | tilegnelse
Active avoidance | aktiv unngåelse
Adaption | adaptasjon
Adjunctive behavior | ledsagende atferd
Adventitious reinforcement -> Accidental reinforcement
Affective after-reaction -> Opponent-process theory of motivation
Alzheimer's disease | Alzheimers sykdom
Amnesia | amnesi
Analog event -> Continous event
Animal cognition -> Memory
Animal learning | læring hos dyr
Antecedent determinant -> Antecedent stimulus
Antecedent stimulus | forutgående stimulus
Appetitive stimulus | ("positiv stimulus")
Approach-approach conflict -> Conflict
Approach-avoidance conflict -> Conflict
Arousal | aktivering
Assertive training | selvhevdelsestrening
Association | assosiasjon
Associative learning | assosiativ læring
Asymptotic level | asymptotisk nivå
Attention | oppmerksomhet
Attribution | attribusjon
Attribution theory -> Attribution
Attributional theory -> Attribution
Automaticity | automatisering
Autonomic nervous system | autonome nervesystem
Autoshaping ("sign tracking")
Aversion conditioning | aversjonsbetinging
Aversive control | aversiv kontroll
Aversive stimulus | aversiv stimulus
Avoidance | unngåelse
Avoidance behavior -> Avoidance
Avoidance-avoidance conflict -> Conflict
Awareness -> Conditioning without awareness

Back-up reinforcer -> Token economy
Backward conditioning | baklengs betinging
Bar -> Operandum
Baseline | basislinje (utgangsnivå)
Behavior | atferd
Behavior form | atferdsform
Behavior modification | atferdsmodifikasjon
Behavior therapy | atferdsterapi
Behavioral medicine | atferdsmedisin
Behavioral unit | atferdsenhet
Behaviorism | behaviorisme
Belongingness | tilhørighet
Bias | feil
Biofeedback
Blocking | blokkering

CER -> Conditioned emotional response
CR -> Conditioned response
CS -> Conditioned stimulus
CS-US interval -> Interstimulus interval
Causal inference | slutning om kausalitet
Causality | kausalitet
Chaining | kjeding
Choice | valg
Classical conditioning | klassisk betinging (respondent betinging)
Cognition | kognisjon
Cognitive map | kognitivt kart
Cognitive psychology | kognitiv psykologi
Compensary conditioning | kompensatorisk betinging
Compound schedules | sammensatte forsterkningsskjemaer
Compound stimulus | sammensatt stimulus
Concept learning | begrepslæring
Concurrent schedules | samtidige forsterkningsskjemaer
Conditional discrimination | betingelsesdiskriminasjon
Conditional probability -> Probability
Conditioned emotional response (CER) | betinget emosjonell respons
Conditioned immunosuppression | betinget immunisuppresjon
Conditioned inhibition -> Inhibitory conditioning
Conditioned reinforcer | betinget forsterker
Conditioned response (CR) | betinget reaksjon (BR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) | betinget stimulus (BS)
Conditioned suppression -> Conditioned emotional response
Conditioning without awareness | ureflektert betinging
Conflict | konflikt
Confounding | sammenblanding
Connectionism | konneksjonisme
Consequence | konsekvens
Constant | konstant
Contextual cues | kontekstuelle holdepunkter
Contiguity | kontiguitet
Contingency | kontingens (avhengighet)
Contingency contracting | kontingenskontrakt
Contingency of reinforcement | forsterkningskontingens
Contingency-shaped behavior | kontingensformet atferd
Contingent reinforcement | responsavhengig forsterkning
Continous event | kontinuerlig hendelse
Continous reinforcement (CRF) | kontinuerlig forsterkning
Contrast | kontrast
Control | kontroll
Control designs | kontrolldesign
Control procedure -> Truly random control; -> Omission training
Correlation | korrelasjon (samvariasjon)
Correlational studies | korrelasjonelle studier
Counter-conditioning | motbetinging
Covert behavior | skjult (kovert) atferd
Critical period -> Imprinting
Cumulative record -> Cumulative recorder
Cumulative recorder | kumulativ skriver
Curvelinear relationship | kurvelineær sammenheng

DRH -> Schedules of reinforcement
DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) -> Schedules of reinforcement
DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior) -> Schedules of reinforcement
Data | data
Data gathering | datainnsamling
Delayed conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Delayed matching to sample | forsinket matching
Delayed reinforcement | forsinket forsterkning
Dependency | avhengighet
Dependent variable | avhengig variabel
Deprivation | deprivasjon (berøving)
Desensitization -> Systematic desensitization
Differential inhibition | differensiell inhibisjon
Differential reinforcment | differensiell forsterkning
Digital event -> Discrete event
Discrete event | diskret hendelse
Discrimination | diskriminasjon
Discriminative operant | diskriminativ operant
Discriminative stimulus (SD) | diskriminativ stimulus
Disinhibition | disinhibisjon
Distributed practice | fordelt trening
Drive | driv
Drive stimuli | drivstimuli
Drive stimuli reduction | drivstimulireduksjon
Drug tolerance -> Compensatory conditioning
Dual-processs theory of habituation and sensitization

Elicitation -> Elicited behavior
Elicited behavior | utløst atferd
Emitted behavior | avgitt atferd
Environment | omgivelser (miljø)
Environmentalism | environmentalisme
Equipotentiality | ekvipotensialitet
Errorless discrimination | feilfri diskriminasjon
Escape | flukt
Ethology | etologi
Event | hendelse
Evolution -> Phylogenesis
Excitatory conditioning | eksitatorisk betinging
Expectancy | forventning
Experiment | eksperiment
Experimental analysis of behavior | eksperimentell atferdsanalyse
Experimental neurosis | eksperimentell nevrose
Experimental space -> Chamber
Experimenter bias | eksperimentatorfeil
Explanation | forklaring
External inhibition | ytre inhibisjon
External validity | ytre validitet
Exteroceptive stimulus | ytre stimulus
Extinction | ekstinksjon (utslokning)
Extrapolation | ekstrapolering
Extrinsic motivation | ytre motivasjon
Eyeblink conditioning | betinging av blunking

Facilitation | facilitering
Fading
Feedback | tilbakemelding
Fixed action pattern | fast atferdsmønster
Fixed interval (FI) -> Schedules of reinforcement
Fixed ratio (FR) -> Schedules of reinforcement
Flooding
Forgetting -> Memory
Free operant | fri operant
Frustration | frustrasjon
Functional | funksjonell
Functional analysis | funksjonell analyse

Generalization -> Stimulus generalization
Generalization gradient -> Stimulus generalization
Generalized reinforcer | generalisert forsterker

Habituation | habituering (tilvenning)
Hedonism | hedonisme
Higher order conditioning | høyere ordens betinging
Homeostasis -> Autonomic nervous system
Hypothesis | hypotese
Hypothesis testing -> Hypothesis

Imitation -> Observational learning
Implicit learning | implisitt læring
Implosion therapy
Imprinting | pregning
Impulsivity | impulsivitet
Incentive | insentiv
Incompatible behavior | uforenlig atferd
Incremental learning | gradvis læring
Independent variable | uavhengig variabel
Induction | induksjon
Inhibitory conditioning | inhibitorisk (hemmende) betinging
Insensitivity effect -> Rule-governed behavior
Insight | innsikt
Instinctive behavior | instinktiv atferd
Instinctive drift
Instruction | instruksjon
Instrumental behavior | instrumentell atferd
Instrumental conditioning -> Operant conditioning
Interaction effect | interaksjonseffekt (samspillseffekt)
Interference | interferens
Interim behavior -> Stimulus presentation
Intermittent reinforcement | intermitterende (partiell) forsterkning
Internal inhibition | indre inhibisjon (hemning)
Internal validity | indre validitet
Interoceptive stimulus | interoceptive stimulus
Interpretation | fortolkning
Interresponse time (IRT) | interrespons intervall
Interstimulus interval (ISI) | interstimulus intervall
Intertrial interval | intertrial intervall
Interval schedule -> Schedules of reinforcement
Intervening variable | mellomliggende variabel
Intrinsic motivation | iboende ("indre") motivasjon
Irradiation of excitation | excitasjonsspredning

Judgement of contingency -> Causal inference


Key -> Operandum
Kinesis

LTM (Long Term Memory) -> Memory
Latency | latenstid
Latent inhibition | latent (skjult) inhibisjon
Latent learning | latent læring
Law of effect | effektloven
Law of parsimony | enkelhetsprinsippet
Learned helplessness | lært hjelpeløshet
Learned laziness | lært latskap
Learning | læring
Learning curve | læringskurve
Learning set ("learning to learn") | "å lære å lære"
Learning theory | læringsteori
Learning vs. performance | læring vs. prestasjon
Lever -> Operandum
Limited hold (LH) | tidsbegrenset tilgang til forsterker
Linear relationship | lineær sammenheng

Magazine training | magasintrening
Mand
Massed practice | konsentrert trening
Massing
Matching law | matching-loven
Matching to sample | matching til stimulus
Mean | aritmetisk gjennomsnitt
Median | median
Memory | hukommelse
Mentalism | mentalisme
Methodological behaviorism | metodologisk behaviorisme
Mixed schedules (mix) | blandede forsterkningsskejmaer
Mode | modus
Modeling -> Observational learning
Molar analysis | molar (helhetlig) analyse
Molecular analysis | molekylær analyse
Morgans canon -> Law of parsimony
Motivation | motivation
Multiple baseline -> Control designs
Multiple causality | sammensatt årsak
Multiple schedules (mult) | sammensatte forsterkningsskjemaer
N=1 design | n=1 design (enpersondesign)
Negative autoshaping | negativ autoshaping
Negative contingency | negativ kontingens
Negative law of effect | negativ effektlov
Negative punishment | negativ straff
Negative reinforcement | negativ forsterkning
Negative reinforcer | negativ forsterker
Neutral stimulus | nøytral stimulus
Noxious stimulus | skadelig stimulus

Observational learning | observasjonslæring
Observing response | observasjonsrespons
Occams razor -> Law of parsimony
Omission training
Ontogenesis (ontogeny) | ontogenese
Operandum | operandum
Operant | operant
Operant chamber | operant kammer
Operant conditioning | operant betinging
Operant level | operant nivå
Operant reinforcement procedure | operant forsterkningsprosedyre
Operant/respondent conditioning | operant/respondent betinging
Operation -> Procedure
Operational definition | operasjonell definisjon
Operationalization | operasjonalisering
Operationism | operasjonisme
Opponent-process theory of motivation | opponent-prosess teori om motivasjon
Orienting reflex | orienteringsrefleks
Overcorrection | overkorreksjon
Overjustification | overrettferdiggjøring
Overshadowing | overskygning
Overt behavior | synlig atferd

PRE, PREE -> Partial reinforcement extinction effect
Parcimony -> Law of parcimony
Partial reinforcement -> Intermittent reinforcement
Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PRE) | partiell forsterkning ekstinksjonseffekt
Passive avoidance -> Active avoidance
Pavlovian conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Performance | utførelse, prestasjon
Phobia | fobi
Phylogenesis | fylogenese
Place learning | plasslæring
Polydipsia -> Adjunctive behavior
Positive contingency | positiv kontingens
Positive control | positiv kontroll
Positive punishment | positiv straff
Positive reinforcement | positiv forsterkning
Positive reinforcer | positiv forsterker
Pre-aversive stimulus | pre-aversiv stimulus
Prediction | prediksjon
Premack's principle | Premacks prinsipp
Preparedness | betingingsletthet
Primary reinforcer | primærforsterker
Priming | priming
Private event | privat hendelse
Private stimulus | privat stimulus
Probability | sannsynlighet
Probability of response | responssannsynlighet
Problem solving | problemløsning
Procedure | prosedyre
Process | prosess
Progressive relaxation -> Behavior modification
Prompt | hjelpestimulus, hjelpestimulering
Proprioceptive stimulus | proprioseptiv stimulus
Pseudoconditioning | pseudobetinging
Public event | offentlig hendelse
Punishment | straff

Quasi-experimental designs | kvasi-eksperimentelle design

ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics)
Radical behaviorism | radikal behaviorisme
Rate of responding | responsrate
Ratio schedule -> Schedules of reinforcement
Ratio strain -> Abulia
Receiver operator characteristics -> ROC
Recovery | tilbakekomst
Reflex | refleks
Reflex arc | refleksbue
Reflex modification | refleksmodifikasjon
Reflexive behavior | refleksiv (respondent) atferd
Reflexology | refleksologi
Regression to the mean | regresjon til gjennomsnittet
Reification | reifisering
Reinforcement | forsterkning
Reinforcing stimulus | forsterkende stimulus
Relational learning -> Transposition
Relative rate of reinforcement | relativ forsterkerrate
Relative rate of response | relativ responsrate
Relativity of reinforcement -> Premacks principle
Releasing stimulus
Rescorla-Wagner theory
Respondent behavior -> Reflexive behavior
Respondent conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Response | respons
Response cost | responsomkostning
Response generalization | responsgeneralisering
Response-independent schedules | responsuavhengige forsterkningsskjemaer
Reward | belønning
Rule | regel
Rule-governed behavior | regelstyrt atferd

STM (Short Term Memory) -> Memory
Sampling procedures | samplingsprosedyrer
Satiation | metning
Scattergram | scatter diagram
Schedules of reinforcement | forsterkningsskjemaer
Secondary reinforcer -> Conditioned reinforcer
Self-control | selvkontroll
Self-experimentation | selv-eksperimentering
Self-perception theory | selvpersepsjonsteori
Self-reinforcement | selv-forsterkning
Semantic conditioning | semantisk betinging
Sensitivity to consequences | sensitivitet overfor responskonsekvenser
Sensitization | sensitivisering
Sensory preconditioning | sensorisk forbetinging
Shaping | forming
Shock-frequency reduction hypothesis
Sidman avoidance -> Avoidance
Sign stimulus
Sign tracking -> Autoshaping
Simultaneous conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Skill | motorisk ferdighet
Skinner box -> Chamber
Social learning theory | sosial læringsteori
Social reinforcement | sosial forsterkning
Spontaneous recovery | spontan tilbakekomst
Standard deviation | standardavvik
State-dependent learning | tilstandsavhengig læring
State-dependent memory -> State-dependent learning
Steady state | stabilt nivå
Stimulus | stimulus
Stimulus control | stimuluskontroll
Stimulus generalization | stimulusgeneralisering
Stimulus presentation | stimuluspresentasjon
Stimulus substitution | stimulussubstitusjon
Strain -> Abulia
Successive approximation -> Shaping
Superstitious behavior | overtroisk atferd
Surprise -> Blocking
Systematic desensization | systematisk desensitivering

T-Maze | T-labyrint
T-test | t-test
Tact
Target behavior | målatferd
Taste-aversion learning | smaksaversjonslæring
Taxis
Temporal conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Three-term contingency -> Contingency of reinforcement
Time series | tidsserie
Time-out | pause
Token economy | tegnøkonomi
Topography | topografi
Trace conditioning -> Classical conditioning
Transposition | tranposisjon
Trial | forsøk
Trial and error | prøving og feiling
Tropism | tropisme
Truly random control
Two-factor theory of avoidance | to-faktor teori om avoidance

UR -> Unconditioned response
US -> Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned reinforcer -> Primary reinforcer
Unconditioned response (UR) | ubetinget respons
Unconditioned stimulus | ubetinget stimulus

VI -> Schedules of reinforcement
VR -> Schedules of reinforcement
Variable | variabel
Variance | varians
Verbal behavior | verbal atferd
Verbal conditioning | verbal betinging
Vicarious reinforcement -> Observational learning
Voluntary behavior | viljemessig atferd

Yerkes-Dodson's law | Yerkes-Dodsons lov
Yoked control | parvis kontroll

Zero contingency | fravær av kontingens


Se Bokkilden
Svartdal (Red.), Psykologi: En introduksjon  Svartdal: Psykologiens forskningsmetoder (2. utgave)   Svartdal/Flaten: Læringspsykologi  Overskeid/Svartdal: Det ubevisste og moderne vitenskap  Eikeseth & Svartdal (Red), Anvendt atferdsanalyse  Svartdal: Begreper i læringspsykologi